Biology – 10

Class 10 Biology Course Summary:

Theme 01: Cell Cycle, Cell Division and Structure of Chromosomes

• Cell division: The process of cell reproduction.
• Cell cycle: The sequence of events in a cell’s life from division to division.
• Phases of mitosis: The stages of cell division, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• Significance of mitosis: Ensures growth, repair, and replacement of cells.
• Meiosis: Cell division for sexual reproduction, reducing chromosome number.
• Significance of meiosis: Genetic diversity in offspring.
• Chromosomes: Thread-like structures containing genetic material.
• Structure of chromosomes: Composed of DNA and proteins.
• Gene: Segment of DNA carrying genetic information.
• DNA and its structure: Double helix with nucleotide building blocks.

Theme 02: Genetics

• Variations: Differences in traits among individuals.
• Mendel’s contribution: Gregor Mendel’s work on inheritance.
• Mendel’s laws of inheritance: Principles governing the transmission of traits.
• Traits expression: Genotype and phenotype.
• Sex determination in human beings: XX (female) and XY (male) chromosomes.
• Sex-linked inheritance: Genes located on sex chromosomes.
• Inheritance of diseases: Genetic diseases.

Theme 03: Absorption by Roots

• Root system: Plant’s underground organ for water and nutrient uptake.
• Absorption of water: Essential for plant survival.
• Active and passive transport: Mechanisms for water uptake.
• Tonicity and plasmolysis: Osmotic concepts.
• Turgidity and flaccidity: Cell pressure states.
• Cohesive, adhesive forces, and transpirational pull: Mechanisms for water transport.
• Root pressure: Force aiding water movement.

Theme 04: Transpiration

• Types of transpiration: Cuticular, stomatal, and lenticular.
• Factors affecting transpiration: Light, temperature, humidity, wind, and more.
• Adaptations to reduce transpiration: Stomatal closure, reduced leaf surface.
• Significance of transpiration: Water transport and cooling.
• Advantages and disadvantages of transpiration.
• Measurement of transpiration: Techniques.
• Direct loss of water by plants.

Theme 05: Photosynthesis

• Important events in photosynthesis: Light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
• Requirements of photosynthesis: Light, water, carbon dioxide.
• Mechanism of photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
• End-products of photosynthesis: Glucose and oxygen.
• Significance of photosynthesis: Basis of life, oxygen production.
• Adaptations in leaves for photosynthesis: Chloroplasts.
• Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Theme 06: Chemical Coordination in Plants

• Tropic movements in plants: Growth responses to stimuli.
• Plant growth regulators (hormones): Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.

Theme 07: The Circulatory System

• Blood: A vital fluid transporting oxygen and nutrients.
• Blood group: ABO and Rh systems.
• The heart: A muscular organ pumping blood.
• Lymphatic system: Immune system support.

The Excretory System

• Types of waste products: Nitrogenous waste.
• Excretory organs in the human body: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
• Mechanism of urine formation: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.
• Significance of excretion: Removal of metabolic waste.
• Haemodialysis: Artificial kidney.

Theme 9A: The Nervous System

• Types of nervous actions: Reflex and voluntary.
• Human nervous system: Central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (nerves).
• Nervous cells: Neurons.

Theme 9B: Sense Organs

• Types of sensory receptors: Detect stimuli.
• The eyes: Visual sensory organ.
• Stereoscopic vision: Depth perception.
• Adaptation of the eye: Focusing.
• Defects of the eye: Myopia, hypermetropia, and more.
• The ears: Auditory sensory organ.

Theme 10: The Endocrine System

• Characteristics of hormones: Chemical messengers.
• Glands: Secrete hormones.
• Human endocrine system: Various glands and their functions.
• Homeostasis and hormonal feedback system: Regulation of internal conditions.

Theme 11: The Reproductive System

• Asexual reproduction: Reproduction without gametes.
• Sexual reproduction: Fusion of gametes.
• Sexual reproduction in human beings: Male and female reproductive systems.
• Twins: Monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Theme 12: Population

• World population: Global demographics.
• Population trend in India: Growth and distribution.
• Reasons for unchecked growth of the population: High birth rates.
• Population explosion: Rapid population growth.
• Consequences of increasing population in India.
• Population control: Measures to control population.

Theme 13: Human Evolution

• Theory of inheritance of acquired characters: Lamarck’s theory.
• Basic postulates of Lamarck’s theory.
• Evidence from vestigial organs.
• Darwin’s theory of evolution.
• Human evolution: Evolutionary history of Homo sapiens.

Theme 14: Pollution

• Waste: Environmental pollutants.
• Types of environmental pollution: Air, water, soil pollution.
• Effects of pollution on climate and environment.
• Vehicular standards: Euro/Bharat stages.
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Clean India campaign.