Geography – 9

Class-9 Geography Course Summary:

Theme 1: The Earth as a Planet

• Introduction to Earth as a celestial body.
• Characteristics of the Earth.
• Position in the solar system.

Theme 2: Geographic Grid

• Understanding latitude and longitude.
• Grid as a reference system.
• Coordinates and their significance.

Theme 3: The Motions of the Earth

• Rotation and revolution.
• Day and night cycle.
• Seasons and their causes.

Theme 4: The Structure of the Earth

• Layers of the Earth.
• Composition of the Earth’s interior.
• Tectonic plates and their movement.

Theme 5: The Landforms of the Earth

• Introduction to major landforms (mountains, valleys, plains).
• Formation processes of landforms.

Theme 6: Rocks

• Types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic).
• Rock cycle and its stages.

Theme 7: Volcanoes

• Formation and types of volcanoes.
• Volcanic eruptions and their impact.

Theme 8: Earthquakes

• Causes of earthquakes.
• Earthquake waves and measurement.
• Effects of earthquakes.

Theme 9: Weathering and Denudation

• Part I: Weathering
• Types of weathering (physical, chemical, biological).
• Factors influencing weathering.
• Part II: Denudation
• Processes like erosion and transportation.
• Landforms resulting from denudation.

Theme 10: Hydrosphere

• Composition and distribution of water on Earth.
• Oceans, rivers, lakes, and their significance.

Theme 11: Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere

• Components of the atmosphere.
• Layers of the atmosphere.

Theme 12: Insolation

• Solar radiation and its impact.
• Factors affecting insolation.

Theme 13: Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Systems

• High and low-pressure systems.
• Global wind patterns.

Theme 14: Humidity and Precipitation

• Concepts of humidity.
• Types and forms of precipitation.

Theme 15: Types of Pollution

• Introduction to pollution.
• Air, water, and soil pollution.

Theme 16: Pollution – Sources and Major Pollutants

• Sources of pollution.
• Identification of major pollutants.

Theme 17: Effects of Pollution

• Impact of pollution on the environment.
• Human health effects.

Theme 18: The Natural Regions of the World

• Classification and characteristics of natural regions.
• Biotic and abiotic factors influencing natural regions.

Theme 19: Map Work

• Reading and interpreting maps.
• Understanding symbols, scales, and legends.
• Locating and identifying geographical features on maps.